The exception of per incuriam under the doctrine of precedents can be understood in two ways. Per incuriam means “carelessness”, although in practice it is understood as per ignorantiam
The rule of noscitur a sociis is based on the maxims: “A man is known by the company he keeps” and “Birds of a feather, flock together”.
The rule says that words used in an Act of Parliament
The Parliament makes laws and these laws are interpreted by Judges using the maxims of statutory interpretation. To extract the true intent of the draftsmen, certain principles of Interpretation are used.
The basic rule of interpretation is to give effect to the plain meaning of the statute. when in need of finding a meaning, court might research using internal or Pari Materia approach (external)